You can read the text in different spelling than the one that was used for writing. Computers can change the spelling of text defore displaying it. There are two main reasons to use different spellings:
- If the native spelling is in different script, computers can save time not to learn so many other scripts: Chinese, Cyrillic, Japanese, Arabic, Hindi, Greek, etc. Romanized (transliterated) spellings show the text in Latin script.
- The native spelling doesn't show all the pronunciation details. We can always look up the words in dictionary, but it's easier if computer does it instead. This is useful for out mother language, too. The standard pronunciation is usually different from our own dialect and we can't be sure that our mothers and friends have taught us the standard.
The examples use Unicode combing characters and some computers can't show them. In Windows, Notepad and fonts like Lucida Unicode, Arial, Consolas can be used to view the text correctly.
You can read the text in different spelling than the one that was used for writing. Computers can change the spelling of text defore displaying it. There are two main reasons to use different spellings:
- If the native spelling is in different script, computers can save time not to learn so many other scripts: Chinese, Cyrillic, Japanese, Arabic, Hindi, Greek, etc. Romanized (transliterated) spellings show the text in Latin script.
- The native spelling doesn't show all the pronunciation details. We can always look up the words in dictionary, but it's easier if computer does it instead. This is useful for out mother language, too. The standard pronunciation is usually different from our own dialect and we can't be sure that our mothers and friends have taught us the standard.
The examples use Unicode combing characters and some computers can't show them. In Windows, Notepad and fonts like Lucida Unicode, Arial, Consolas can be used to view the text correctly.
Example romanizations
The following example texts show the possible romanizations in Panlatin browser extension.
Russian
Russian: пишет, училище, уже, не, отъезд, черный, солнце, Россия
iso9: dočʹ, pišet, učiliŝe, uže, ne, otʺezd, černyj, solnce, Rossiâ
r9: dočʹ, pišet, učilišče, uže, ne, otʺezd, černyj, solnce, Rossija
en: dochʹ, pishet, uchilishche, uzhe, ne, otʺezd, chernyy, solntse, Rossiya
pan: dočʸ, pʸišet, učilʸiśe, uže, nʸe, ot··ʸezd, černỳy, solnc̍e, Rossʸiʸa
Greek
Greek: Κλειδωνιά, Νίθαυρη, Λευκόγεια, Δοϊράνης, Χαϊδαρίου, Παύλου; αυε, αβε
pan: Kleidòniá, Níthav̀rì, Lef̀kógeia, Doïránìs, CHaïdaríou, Páv̀lou; av̀e, ave
elot: Kleidonia, Nithavri, Lefkogeia, Doiranis, CHaidariou, Pavlou; ave, ave
Arabic
Arabic: اللغة العربية
Romanized: āllghh ālʻrbīh
The Arabic script doesn't show most of vowels, so they're not shown in romanized text.
Chinese
Chinese: 他, 她, 它; 中文
Romanized: 他tā, 她tā, 它tā; 中文Zhōngwén
Chinese romanization (pinyin) adds Latin letters after every Chinese word. This way, it can be pronounced. The original Chinese text can be extracted from such a form. Showing also the Chinese characters help distinguish different characters with the same pinyin values.
In the position above, Chinese words are also translated. Romanization and translations are using CEDICT.
Examples for detailed spellings
The orthography in a typical language that uses Latins script usually leaves out few details. The letters and their combinations don't always show the pronunciation.
English language uses a dictionary (CMUDICT) for most of the words, the other languages just show how the pronunciation can be marked.
English
Traditional long vowels are marked (a>aʸ, e>è, i>ᴬi, o>oʷ, u>ʸu) as in made (maʸde̤), theme (thème̤), fine (fᴬine̤), home (hoʷme̤), cute (cʸute̤). Also the final unpronounced /e/ is marked with two dots below. The same sound marks can appear in other words: cold (coʷld).
Double dot below any letter means it's not pronounced: write (w̤rᴬite̤ ), right (rᴬig̤h̤t), sign (sᴬig̤n), build (bṳild).
Grave mark (`) is generally used as “first alternate form”. Further examples are à: water (wàter), ò: some (sòme̤), ù: cut (cùt), òu: round (ròund), èa: sea (sèa). Also /s/ pronounced as /z/ is marked with grave mark, see examples below.
Stress (when not on the first syllable) is marked on vowels without grave mark with acute (áéíóúý: awáy, caréer, bèlów). Vowels with grave (èòù) are shown with double grave (ȅȍȕ): Chᴬinȅs̀e̤ abȍut, adȕlt.
The sequences /ee/, /oo/, /ay/ are unmarked when pronounced the usual way.
Few more consonants:
/c/ is marked before /eiy/ as /ç/: cell (çell), or as /c·/ McEnroe (Mᴬc·Enroʷe̤), or is unmarked otherwise as “class” if pronounced /k/.
/c/ pronounced the Italian way as /tᶴ/ is shown as /č/: cello (čelloʷ).
/d/ pronounced as /dᶾ/ is shown as /dᶾ/: soldier (soʷldᶾie̤r).
/g/ is marked before /eiy/ as in gem (ĝem) or in get (g·et), or is unmarked otherwise as “gap” if pronounced /g/.
/g/ pronounced in French way as /ʒ / is shown as /ǧ/: regime (reǧíme̤).
/s/ pronounced as /z/ is shown as /s̀/: result (rès̀ȕlt) days (days̀).
/s/ pronounced as /ʃ/ is shown as /š/: extension (èxténši̤on).
/t/ pronounced as /tᶴ/ is shown as /tᶴ/: culture (cùltᶴure̤).
/z/: pronounced as /ʒ/ is shown as /ž/: azure (ažure̤)
/-tion/ and /-sion/ are marked as nation (naʸt̰i̤on), extension (èxténši̤on), mission (mišši̤on), vision(viši̤on). The last word is pronounced with /ʒ/ whereas the previous are with /ʒ /, but this is not distinguished.
/ea/ can be pronounced in few common ways: /iː/: sea (sèa), /e/: health (hea̤lth), /eɪ/: great (grea̰t).
/ou/ and /ow/ can also be pronounced in few ways: /aʊ/: round (ròund), cow (còw); American /oʊ / or British /əʊ / are unmarked: soul, own; /ʌ/: co̤ùntry.
A middle dot /·/ is used to separate two letters that usually compose digraph: foothill (foot·hill), single (sin·gle̤).
Schwa is occasionally inserted to show syllable: rhythm (rh̤ythᵊm).
See list of words below for more examples.
Standard: benefit below, engine enhance; gear gem regime jet, round soul country, cow own, idea each great health, modal model, put cut; page rite home theme unite sir, new; days, general generals, get getting, say says, long longer; nation national, foothill, record, cell sell call, what write right, cold called; culture, soldier
Detailed: benefit bèlów, enĝine̤ enhánçe̤; g·èar ĝem reǧíme̤ jet, ròund soul co̤ùntry, còw own, ᴬidȅa èach grea̰t hea̤lth, moʷdal model, put cùt; paʸĝe̤ rᴬite̤ hoʷme̤ thème̤ ʸunᴬíte̤, sir, nḛ̏w; days̀, ĝene̤ral ĝenerals̀, g·et g·etting, say sa̰y̤s̀, lōng lōn·ger; naʸt̰i̤on nat̰i̤onal, foot·hill, record, çell sell càll, wh̤at w̤rᴬite̤ rᴬig̤h̤t, coʷld càlle̤d; cùltᶴure̤, soʷldᶾie̤r
Traditional long vowels are marked (a>aʸ, e>è, i>ᴬi, o>oʷ, u>ʸu) as in made (maʸde̤), theme (thème̤), fine (fᴬine̤), home (hoʷme̤), cute (cʸute̤). Also the final unpronounced /e/ is marked with two dots below. The same sound marks can appear in other words: cold (coʷld).
Double dot below any letter means it's not pronounced: write (w̤rᴬite̤ ), right (rᴬig̤h̤t), sign (sᴬig̤n), build (bṳild).
Grave mark (`) is generally used as “first alternate form”. Further examples are à: water (wàter), ò: some (sòme̤), ù: cut (cùt), òu: round (ròund), èa: sea (sèa). Also /s/ pronounced as /z/ is marked with grave mark, see examples below.
Stress (when not on the first syllable) is marked on vowels without grave mark with acute (áéíóúý: awáy, caréer, bèlów). Vowels with grave (èòù) are shown with double grave (ȅȍȕ): Chᴬinȅs̀e̤ abȍut, adȕlt.
The sequences /ee/, /oo/, /ay/ are unmarked when pronounced the usual way.
Few more consonants:
/c/ is marked before /eiy/ as /ç/: cell (çell), or as /c·/ McEnroe (Mᴬc·Enroʷe̤), or is unmarked otherwise as “class” if pronounced /k/.
/c/ pronounced the Italian way as /tᶴ/ is shown as /č/: cello (čelloʷ).
/d/ pronounced as /dᶾ/ is shown as /dᶾ/: soldier (soʷldᶾie̤r).
/g/ is marked before /eiy/ as in gem (ĝem) or in get (g·et), or is unmarked otherwise as “gap” if pronounced /g/.
/g/ pronounced in French way as /ʒ / is shown as /ǧ/: regime (reǧíme̤).
/s/ pronounced as /z/ is shown as /s̀/: result (rès̀ȕlt) days (days̀).
/s/ pronounced as /ʃ/ is shown as /š/: extension (èxténši̤on).
/t/ pronounced as /tᶴ/ is shown as /tᶴ/: culture (cùltᶴure̤).
/z/: pronounced as /ʒ/ is shown as /ž/: azure (ažure̤)
/-tion/ and /-sion/ are marked as nation (naʸt̰i̤on), extension (èxténši̤on), mission (mišši̤on), vision(viši̤on). The last word is pronounced with /ʒ/ whereas the previous are with /ʒ /, but this is not distinguished.
/ea/ can be pronounced in few common ways: /iː/: sea (sèa), /e/: health (hea̤lth), /eɪ/: great (grea̰t).
/ou/ and /ow/ can also be pronounced in few ways: /aʊ/: round (ròund), cow (còw); American /oʊ / or British /əʊ / are unmarked: soul, own; /ʌ/: co̤ùntry.
A middle dot /·/ is used to separate two letters that usually compose digraph: foothill (foot·hill), single (sin·gle̤).
Schwa is occasionally inserted to show syllable: rhythm (rh̤ythᵊm).
See list of words below for more examples.
Standard: benefit below, engine enhance; gear gem regime jet, round soul country, cow own, idea each great health, modal model, put cut; page rite home theme unite sir, new; days, general generals, get getting, say says, long longer; nation national, foothill, record, cell sell call, what write right, cold called; culture, soldier
Detailed: benefit bèlów, enĝine̤ enhánçe̤; g·èar ĝem reǧíme̤ jet, ròund soul co̤ùntry, còw own, ᴬidȅa èach grea̰t hea̤lth, moʷdal model, put cùt; paʸĝe̤ rᴬite̤ hoʷme̤ thème̤ ʸunᴬíte̤, sir, nḛ̏w; days̀, ĝene̤ral ĝenerals̀, g·et g·etting, say sa̰y̤s̀, lōng lōn·ger; naʸt̰i̤on nat̰i̤onal, foot·hill, record, çell sell càll, wh̤at w̤rᴬite̤ rᴬig̤h̤t, coʷld càlle̤d; cùltᶴure̤, soʷldᶾie̤r
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